Effects of Tourism on the Environment :: Cause Effect Tourism Ecology Essays Papers

Effects of Tourism on the Environment Tourism is a big part in not just the United States but in every countries economy. It is constantly growing and according to the United Nations World Tourism Organization there are more than 800 million people that travel either internationally or domestically each year (Goodstein C. Traveling Green. Natural History. Jul/Aug 2006; 115:16.). The world of tourism is always evolving the technology of travel has made it easier and more intriguing to travel. It is believed that the number of people traveling will grow by as little as 4% each year over the next twenty years. This means that the number of travelers a year could reach a staggering one billion people a year (Goodstein C. Traveling Green. Natural History. Jul/Aug 2006; 115:16.). The financial gain that comes of this is great for a country. In Rwanda for example they charge 375 dollars per person to go out and see the silverback gorilla that is indigenous to the area. This works out to be about 1 million dollars a year for the government to help deter the cost of damages that may be directly caused by tourism. Other countries that do this include the Galapagos Islands, which generates in excess of $38 million a year, and also in Belize the government uses a conservation tax of $3.75 for every foreign visitor leaving the country. The tax in Belize generates almost 750,000 dollars a year to help the government with conservation. With the advantages of financial gain come some drawbacks. The environment is said to take a big hit when dealing with the effects of tourism. There are a lot of things that are said to happen when dealing with the effects, anything from water in lakes being impure due to nutrients that may be added to it while people are swimming in it. The example that was used in the journals were the bodies of water around the Fraser Islands in Australia. It was said that tourists may be bringing nutrients in directly from another area (i.e. sand from another beach with different nutrient on their feet, or water with different nutrients in it). The other one that I find quite entertaining was nutrients that me in a humans urine that have a negative effect on the organisms such as coral, or fungi that are in the lake. (Hadwen L., Bunn S., Arthington, A,. Mosisch T.

Talent Is Overrated

Charles Bobb ALS 101 Professor Jeffrey Levine December 2, 2009 Talent Is Overrated What Really Separates World- Class Performers from Everyone Else By. Geoff Colvin Senior Editor at Large, FORTUNE Talent Is Overrated† by Geoff Colvin is a motivating book that puts outstanding performance into view. It presents a solid case that great performance does not come primarily from innate talent, or even hard work, as is supposed by most people. The realistic value of the book comes from the practical function of the thesis. In talking about world class figure skaters, he said that top skaters work on the jumps they are worst at, whereas average skaters work on those they are already good at. In his words, â€Å"Landing on your butt twenty thousand times is where great performance comes from. † Each of those hard landings is able to teach a lesson. Those who learn the lesson can move on to the next hard lesson. Those who don’t pay the price and learn the lesson never progress beyond it. In other words, hard work and dedication is necessary but not sufficient in itself for developing higher level performance at any endeavor. All great performers get that way by working long and hard, but hard work and long hours obviously don’t make people great. Many people work long and hard and stay mediocre. The meat of the book describes what the author calls deliberate practice, and presents supporting evidence in a convincing manner. It matters what kind of practice, not just how long and how much sweat is spilled. Supportive on definition of innate talent Before considering evidence for and against the talent account, we should be as clear as possible about what is meant by â€Å"talent†. In everyday life people are rarely precise about what they mean by this term: users do not specify what form an innate talent takes or how it might exert its influence. Certain pitfalls have to be avoided in settling on a definition of talent. A very restrictive definition could make it impossible for any conceivable evidence to demonstrate talent. For example, some people believe that talent is based on an inborn ability that makes it certain that its possessor will excel. This criterion is too strong. At the other extreme, it would be possible to make the definition of talent so vague that its existence is trivially ensured; talent might imply no more than that those who reach high levels of achievement differ biologically from others in some undefined way. Yet those who believe that innate talent exists also assume that early signs of it can be used to predict future success. 1) There are many reports of children acquiring impressive skills very early in life, in the apparent absence of opportunities for the kinds of learning experiences that would normally be considered necessary. (2) Certain relatively rare capacities which could have an innate basis (e. g. , â€Å"perfect† pitch perception) appear to emerge spontaneously in a few children and may increase the likelihood of their excelling in music. (3) Biological c orrelates of certain skills and abilities have been reported. 4) Some especially compelling data comes from the case histories of autistic, mentally handicapped people classified as â€Å"idiot’s savants. † Practice makes perfect The best people in any field are those who devote the most hours to what the researchers call â€Å"deliberate practice. † Its activity that's explicitly intended to improve performance that reaches for objectives just beyond one’s level of competence provides feedback on results and involves high levels of repetition. For example: Simply hitting a bucket of balls is not deliberate practice, which is why most golfers don't get better. Hitting an eight-iron 300 times with a goal of leaving the ball within 20 feet of the pin 80 percent of the time, continually observing results and making appropriate adjustments, and doing that for hours every day – that's deliberate practice. Consistency is crucial. As Ericsson notes, â€Å"Elite performers in many diverse domains have been found to practice, on the average, roughly the same amount every day, including weekends. Evidence crosses a remarkable range of fields. In a study of 20-year-old violinists by Ericsson and colleagues, the best group (judged by conservatory teachers) averaged10, 000 hours of deliberate practice over their lives; the next-best averaged 7,500 hours; and the next, 5,000. It's the same story in surgery, insurance sales, and virtually every sport. More deliberate practice equals better performance. Tons of it equals great perf ormance. Tiger Woods is a textbook example of what the research shows. Because his father introduced him to golf at an extremely early age – 18 months – and encouraged him to practice intensively, Woods had racked up at least 15 years of practice by the time he became the youngest-ever winner of the U. S. Amateur Championship, at age 18. Also in line with the findings, he has never stopped trying to improve, devoting many hours a day to conditioning and practice, even remaking his swing twice because that's what it took to get even better. The business side The evidence, scientific as well as anecdotal, seems overwhelmingly in favor of deliberate practice as the source of great performance. Just one problem: How do you practice business? Many elements of business, in fact, are directly practicable. Presenting, negotiating, delivering evaluations, and deciphering financial statements – you can practice them all. , they aren't the essence of great managerial performance. That requires making judgments and decisions with imperfect information in an uncertain environment, interacting with people, seeking information – can you practice those things too? The first is going at any task with a new goal: Instead of merely trying to get it done, you aim to get better at it. Report writing involves finding information, analyzing it and presenting it – each an improbable skill. Chairing a board meeting requires understanding the company's strategy in the deepest way, forming a coherent view of coming market changes and setting a tone for the discussion. Anything that anyone does at work, from the most basic task to the most exalted, is an improbable skill. Why? For most people, work is hard enough without pushing even harder. Those extra steps are so difficult and painful they almost never get done. That's the way it must be. If great performance were easy, it wouldn't be rare. Which leads to possibly the deepest question about greatness? While experts understand an enormous amount about the behavior that produces great performance, they understand very little about where that behavior comes from. The authors of one study conclude, â€Å"We still do not know which factors encourage individuals to engage in deliberate practice. † Or as University of Michigan business school professor Noel Tichy puts it after 30 years of working with managers, â€Å"Some people are much more motivated than others, and that's the existential question I cannot answer – why. The critical reality is that we are not hostage to some naturally granted level of talent. We can make ourselves what we will. Strangely, that idea is not popular. People hate abandoning the notion that they would coast to fame and riches if they found their talent. But that view is tragically constraining, because when they hit life's inevitable bumps in the road, they conclude that they just aren't gifted and give up. Maybe we can't expect most people to achieve greatness. It's just too demanding. But the striking, liberating news is that greatness isn't reserved for a preordained few. It is available to you and to everyone. A Mnemonic System for Digit Span: One Year Later. (2002) | * Chase, William G. , * Ericsson, K. Anders| Abstract| With 18 months of practice on the digit-span task, a single subject has shown a steady improvement from 7 digits to 70 digits, and there is no evidence that performance will approach an asymptote. Continuous improvement in performance is accompanied by refinements in the subject's mnemonic system and hierarchical organization of his retrieval system. (Author). Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, (20th), Phoenix, AZ, 8-10 Nov 79. | Talent without deliberate practice is latent† and agrees with Darrell Royal that â€Å"potential† means â€Å"you ain't done it yet. † In other words, there would be no great performances in any field (e. g. business, theatre, dance, symphonic music, athletics, science, mathematics, entertainment, exploration) without those who have, through deliberate practice developed the requisite abilities Colvin duly acknowledges that deliberate practice â€Å"is a large concept, nd to say that it explains everything would be simplistic and reductive. † Colvin goes on to say, â€Å"Critical questions immediately present themselves: What exactly needs to be practiced? Precisely how? Which specific skills or other assets must be acquired? The research has revealed answers that generalize quite well across a wide range of fields. Talent is overrated if it is perceived to be t he most important factor. It isn't. In fact, talent does not exist unless and until it is developed†¦ nd the only way to develop it is (you guessed it) with deliberate practice. Colvin commits sufficient attention to identifying the core components of great performance but focuses most of his narrative to explaining how almost anyone can improve her or his own performance. He reveals himself to be both an empiricist as he shares what he has observed and experienced and a pragmatist who is curious to know what works, what doesn't, and why. I also appreciate Colvin's repudiation of the most common misconceptions about the various dimensions of talent. For example, that â€Å"is innate; you're born with it, and if you're not born with it, you can't acquire it. † Many people still believe that Mozart was born with so much talent that he required very little (if any) development. In fact, according to Alex Ross, â€Å"Mozart became Mozart by working furiously hard† as did all others discussed, including Jack Welch, David Ogilvy, Warren Buffett, Robert Rubin, Jerry Rice, Chris Rock, and Benjamin Franklin. Some were prodigies but most were late-bloomers and each followed a significantly different process of development. About all they shared in common is their commitment to continuous self-improvement through deliberate practice. Colvin provides a wealth of research-driven information that he has rigorously examined and he also draws upon his own extensive and direct experience with all manner of organizations and their C-level executives. Throughout his narrative, with great skill, he sustains a personal rapport with his reader. It is therefore appropriate that, in the final chapter, he invokes direct address and poses a series of questions. What would cause you to do the enormous work necessary to be a top-performing CEO, Wall Street trader, jazz, pianist, courtroom lawyer, or anything else? Would anything? The answer depends on your answers to two basic questions: What do you really want? And what do you really believe? What you want – really want – is fundamental because deliberate practice is a heavy investment. † Corbin has provided all the evidence anyone needs to answer t hose two questions that, in fact, serve as a challenge. It occurs to me that, however different they may be in almost all other respects, athletes such as Cynthia Cooper, Roger Federer, Michael Jordan, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Lorena Ochoa, Candace Parker, Michael Phelps, Vijay Singh, and Tiger Woods â€Å"make it look so easy† in competition because their preparation is so focused, rigorous, and thorough. Obviously, they do not win every game, match, tournament, etc. Colvin's point (and I agree) is that all great performers â€Å"make it look so easy† because of their commitment to deliberate practice, often for several years before their first victory. In fact, Colvin cites a â€Å"ten-year rule† widely endorsed in chess circles (attributed to Herbert Simon and William Chase) that â€Å"no one seemed to reach the top ranks of chess players without a decade or so of intensive study, and some required much more time. † The same could also be said of â€Å"overnight sensations† who struggled for years to prepare for their â€Å"big break† on Broadway or in Hollywood. | The book adds a few paragraphs or two to the Jack Welch entry in the annals of business history. Neutron Jack† kept people from getting too comfortable, once explaining that it wasn't 100,000 General Electric (GE) employees he eliminated, it was 100,000 GE positions. His radioactive personality aside, Welch had remarkable success grooming top corporate leaders. The equity value of companies run by Welch's proteges – including GE, 3M, Home Depot and Honeywell – may well exceed some national budgets, so it is interesting to learn what qualities Welch encouraged as a mentor. Welch's â€Å"4E's† of leadership help explain how he generated so much value over the years for his grateful shareholders. Krames extracts leadership ideas from Welch's track record and makes them quick and handy. Although the book is more useful than original, we find that the articulation of the 4E's, and the profiles of Welch's proteges make it a solid addition to any business library. Colvin leaves no doubt that by understanding how a few become great, anyone can become better†¦ and that includes his reader. This reader is now convinced that talent is a process that â€Å"grows,† not a pre-determined set of skills. Also, that deliberates practice â€Å"hurts but it works. † Long ago, Henry Ford said, â€Å"Whether you think you can or think you can't, you're right. † It would be â€Å"tragically constraining,† Colvin asserts, for anyone to lack sufficient self-confidence because â€Å"what the evidence shouts most loudly is striking, liberating news: That great performance is not reserved for a preordained few. It is available to you and to everyone. â€Å"

Becoming A Kidney Donor Is The Most Rewarding Task

Have you ever had the opportunity present itself to save someone’s life and to be considered a hero by all? Becoming a kidney donor was the most rewarding task I could have ever done with my life. Some may think that the process is easy; decide you want to give a kidney and in the next few days you are in surgery saving another person’s life. Unfortunately, this is not the way this process happens. Becoming a kidney donor is a lengthy, time-consuming, uphill battle that can often be just as challenging for the donor as it is for the recipient. What was I thinking, how did I arrive at this decision? To have an organ surgically extracted from my body, voluntarily, for the purpose of saving another human beings life. The decision to donate is a complex process that includes many factors. Medical, psychological, interpersonal, familial, and economic factors all have to be considered before the process can begin (Agerskov, Bistrup, Ludvigsen, Pederson, 2014). This life-chang ing procedure will not only affect me, but my family, job, relationships, and finances as well. On January 28, 2010, my uncle, James Campbell, became very ill. His kidney function was at less than 30% and he was immediately placed on the organ transplant waiting list. This information wasn’t readily shared with the rest of the family, and we all were very unaware of the dire circumstances. After watching my uncle’s health visibly deteriorate over the years, I inquired into what was wrong and moreShow MoreRelatedSelling Human Organs10012 Words   |  41 Pagesgreat that more radical solutions for getting additional organs are needed - and if paying for them will result in more organs, then this is justified. A number of arguments against selling organs get bandied about, but there are two which lie behind most of the others and which address both of the above arguments. The first involves the concern with how selling organs leads to the commodification of human bodies, and the second is the concern with the exploitation of the poor for the benefit of theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesthe Introduction. Based on the positive feedback we’ve received from teachers and students we can state with confidence that the form of active learning pioneered in this book is a proven pedagogy for management skill mastery. Tips for Getting the Most Out of This Course Whether you are an undergraduate or MBA student, or an experienced manager, based on our years of teaching management skills here are some suggestions for making this course a personally meaningful learning experience. †¢ Read theRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesthe College of Science and Mathematics and Professor of Statistics at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Roxy has been on the faculty at Cal Poly since 1979, serving for six years as Chair of the Statistics Department before becoming Associate Dean. She received an M.S. in Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Applied Statistics from the University of California, Riverside. Roxy is nationally known in the area of statistics education, and in 2003 she received the American Statistical Association’s

Human And Natural Drivers Of Climate Change - 1732 Words

Climate Change in relation to Architecture Tallis Holloway - s5015034 There are many human and natural drivers of climate change, cities and buildings in particular are increasingly affected by risks linked to rapid environmental changes and their impact themselves on the atmosphere however architect s can help limit many contributing factors. This paper examines the role of this profession, architecture s contribution to climate change mitigation/adaption and how architect s can assist in limiting the threat of global warming thus enforcing sustainability. Architect s provide information to clients and management about design, size, materials and costs associated with new buildings and alterations to existing buildings. They further associate with compiling and analysing data on economic, legal, political, cultural, demographic, sociological, physical and environmental factors affecting land use (ANZSCO 2009, Minor Group 232). The role of this profession and the management of new sustainable buildings can manage the alterations to the climatic equilibrium, thus contribute to mitigate and adapt to these shifting conditions. Building s trigger large amounts of CO2, causing them to consequently contribute a vast majority of the energy consumption worldwide , however new advanced design strategies and sustainable technologies can be incorporated into existing/new building s in order to decrease emissions, mitigating long-term impacts and adapt to short-term to theShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : The Greenhouse Effect1199 Words   |  5 Pagesexistence, climate change has occurred. Temperatures, sea levels, quantities of gases in the atmosphere, and levels of precipitation have risen and fallen over a span of billions of years. However, over the last two centuries, climate change has been far too drastic to be caused by natural forces alone. 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The team of scientists use the ice cores and the chemical composition of them to get a better grasp of past climates and climate changes. The main drilling mentioned is the Greenland Ice Sheet Project that was overseen by many agencies and supported by multiple higher-education institutions. The projectRead MoreC limate Change Throughout The World1121 Words   |  5 PagesKrista Falco Professor Brown English 1301, WS5 April 23, 2015 Climate Change Throughout The World Climate change has been an argument going on for years now. Since industrialization, there has been numerous debates asking the question: Is climate change due to natural evolution or is it the human species causing this change? Scientist’s try their best to predict the future, but it is just that, a prediction. Take a meteorologist for example. 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In the past, the cause of this severe climate change was unknown. Today, it is known that manmade climate change is occurring. Scientists have discovered that humans have had theRead MoreIn the last 100 years, Earth’s average temperature has risen by 1.4 °F. The rising global900 Words   |  4 Pagescaused changes in weather and climate. Global warming refers to the ongoing rise in the average temperature near Earth’s surface. This is causing a climate change, which refers to any significant change (major change in temperature, precipitatio n, or wind patterns) in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time (several decades or longer). Due to this, it is projected that the temperature will rise from 2 to 11.5 °F in the next hundred years (US EPA, 2014). The â€Å"drivers,† whichRead MoreIpcc Status Report on Climate Change Summary Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesIPCC Status Report on Climate Change Summary Abstract The following is a summary of the IPCC Status Report on Climate Change. The following questions will be answered: is climate change occurring? About which aspects of climate change are we certain? Uncertain? What are the main factors determining climate change today? What is the likelihood that humans have caused these changes and what data supports this conclusion? And finally, what information is not yet available or are we unable to accessRead MoreQuantification Of The Contribution Of Human Influences ( Hi ) On Regional Climate Change759 Words   |  4 Pagesthe contribution of human influences (HI) on regional climate change is a focus of climate change research (Dirmeyer et al., 2010; Kalnay and Cai 2003). Quantification of such influences can help us understand regional climate patterns and improve the accuracy and algorithms/mechanism of downscaling general circulation models (Lawrence and Chase, 2010; Li et al., 2012; Zhao and Pitman, 2002). The important human influences o n regional climate are land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) (Pielke et al

Developmental Disabilities A Diverse Group Of Chronic...

School is tough for everyone, but for some it may be way tougher. Students with developmental disabilities face many challenges and have way less opportunities than students without them. My essay will study students with developmental disabilities, how they plan on exploring their everyday life and what they go through on a good and bad day. Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of chronic conditions that are due to mental or physical impairments (Trends In The Prevalence Of Developmental Disabilities In U.S Children, 2015). There are many types of disabilities. For example: intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome, language and learning disorders, cerebral palsy, vision impairment, and hearing loss.†¦show more content†¦Last week, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous ruling on special education in public schools. â€Å"The case, Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District, dealt with a child whose Individualized Education Program had fa iled to help him progress academically despite his academic promise†. In accordance with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act also known as IDEA, IEPs must be â€Å"reasonably calculated to enable the child to achieve passing marks and advance from grade to grade.† The plaintiff’s IEP was found not to meet that standard. â€Å"The Court’s unanimous decision was a victory for special education advocates, especially because the Court proclaimed in its decision that public schools must offer an IEP reasonably calculated to enable a child to make progress appropriate in light of the child’s circumstances.† In other words, children with disabilities cannot receive a public school education that sets the bar so low that they are unreasonably deprived of meaningful instruction and personal development. (Kehrer, Trevor. Disabled students have right to education. Daily Trojan. N.p., 30 Mar. 2017. Web. 01 Apr. 2017.) Every child should have the right to an education regardless of the circumstance. School’s should not choose who gets to learn and who does not. â€Å"It has always been our students who lose out--it is always the kids with disabilities who are thrown under the bus first† (Meeting the Needs Of Students With Disabilities, 2017). People withShow MoreRelatedDevelopmental Disability : A Diverse Group Of Chronic Conditions2023 Words   |  9 PagesDevelopmental disability is a diverse group of chronic conditions that are due to mental or physical impairments. Developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life, especially in language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living. Developmental disabilities are usually identified early in childhood and will probably persist throughout the individual’s lifespan. 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Education about the rights and necessary supports to further inclusion of students with disabilities in campus programs and activities is key for student affairs practitioners. Over the past 25 years since the passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the number of students with disabilities enrolled in postsecondaryRead MoreEssay Psych Research3628 Words   |  15 Pagesconsists of children ages 2-18 with a variety of child mental health problems (e.g. ADHD, Anxiety, adjustment problems), there is the opportunity to provide specialized services to patients referred by Deaconess-Riley specialists (e.g. Autism, Developmental Delays, childhood diabetes, endocrinology etc.) Requirements: Ph. D. or Psy.D. in child psychology/pediatri c psychology including completion of an internship in an APA-accredited child psychology program and licensed (or license eligible) in the

Overview of Ames Test Free Essays

The AMES test also known as bacteria reversed mutation assay is used to evaluate the mutagenic properties of test articles. The test was first developed by Bruce Ames in 1974 (Krebsfaenger). The amino acid dependent strain of S. We will write a custom essay sample on Overview of Ames Test or any similar topic only for you Order Now typhimurium and E. coli are used in this experiment where in the absence of the external histidine source, the cells cannot grow to form colonies. Specifically these strains of Salmonella are defective in 1. ) Repair of mutations (uvrB) and 2. A rfa mutation (eliminating a portion of lipolysaccharide (a coating of outer bacterial surface)). The rfa mutation here fulfills two purposes: 1. ) Helps Salmonella in growing in presence of sodium desoxycholate or crystal violet. and 2. ) Increases the cell permeability allowing more mutagen to enter the cell. The lack of uvrB gene in the decreases the rate of repair mechanism of mutations occurring resulting in the increased incidences of occurring mutations. These auxotrophic strain cannot grow on the media without histidine and biotine (due to uvrB). If these organisms are allowed to grow on the media lacking both of these, the strain get converted to prototroph resulting the organisms to grow on the mutagenic chemicals to be tested in the media. If the chemical being tested is mutagenic, the organisms will grow as some substance are capable of causing mutations in the cells at same site or at nearby sites resulting in restoring gene’s function and these mutations in the cells can revert back the gene regaining its function (Tejs). These revertant cells are then able to grow on the media which does not contain histdine as it can now synthesize histidine on its own. This mutation causes the cells to divide continuously. If there is no further mutation occurring in the cell, the cells will die out like normal cell. But if any further mutation occurs which allows the cells to grow for many generations, then the cancerous cells will be formed. The principle of Ames test is specifically based on the hypothesis that any substance that is mutagenic for the bacteria used in this test may also turn out to be carcinogenic (compound causing cancer). The most important limiting points of the Ames test includes first an assumption that though Ames test is being tested on prokaryotic microorganisms, it will detect the mutagens or cancer causing agents in human beings. (Though this test uses rat liver enzymes, Ames test is not able to serve the perfect model for human beings. ) Secondly, mutagens found by this test might not be carcinogenic i. e. further test may be required. also all carcinogens are not mutagens ( i. e. Ames test is unable to find such agents eg: asbestos). Third, some nitrate containing compounds lie nitroglycerine can cause false positive production by producing nitric oxide. ? Works Cited 1. Krebsfaenger, Niels. â€Å"AMES TEST: Bacterial Reversed Mutation Assay. † Genpharmtox, Assay Sheet AMES TEST. Gen Pharm Tox, n. d. Web. 21 Nov 2012. . 2. Tejs, Sebastian. â€Å"The Ames Test: A methodological Short Review. † Environmental Biotechnology. Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, n. d. Web. 27 Nov 2012. . 3. How to cite Overview of Ames Test, Essay examples

Environmental Engineering Water Treatment Processes †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Environmental Engineering Water Treatment Processes. Answer: Introduction Treating water and safely storing it in the home are commonly referred to as ?household water treatment and safe storage or treating water at the ?point of use. Although household water treatment is not new, its recognition as a key strategy for improving public health is just emerging. For centuries, households have used a variety of methods for improving the appearance and taste of drinking-water. Successive generations were taught to boil water, expose it to the sun or store it in metal containers with biocide properties, all in an effort to make it safer to drink. It is recognized that the best way to reduce the risks associated with drinking unsafe water is by using the multi-barrier approach. Each step in this approach, from source protection, through water treatment to safe storage, provides an incremental protection against unsafe drinking-water. The concept of the multi-barrier approach is part of water safety plans, the principles of which can be applied at both community and household levels. Both conventional community and household systems follow the same basic water treatment process: sedimentation, filtration and disinfection (Fig below ). A typical community-level system that relies on surface water, for example, may incorporate source protection (drawing water from a deep inlet away from shore), assisted sedimentation (using coagulants), filtration (rapid sand) and disinfection (with ozone and chlorine to minimize recontamination during distribution). The Role Of Waste Water Treatment And Storage Waste water treatment and storage can help improve water quality at the point of consumption, especially when drinking-water sources are distant, unreliable or unsafe. However, waste water treatment and storage should be viewed primarily as a stopgap measure only; it does not replace the obligation of a service provider to provide access to safe drinking-water. It is intended for people who have no access to improved drinking-water sources, for people with access to improved sources outside of their home or premises (i.e. when contamination can occur during transport and storage), for people with unreliable piped supplies who have to store water to bridge the gaps between deliveries, and for people in emergency situations. Waste water treatment and storage can contribute to global efforts to provide universal access to safe drinking water. In many settings, both rural and urban, populations have access to sufficient quantities of water, but that water is unsafe as a result of microbiological or chemical contamination. This is increasingly true even for piped water. Supplies are rarely provided on a continuous basis, leading to faecal contamination of poorly maintained distribution systems and forcing households to store water in ways that can be easily recontaminated. For those who did not have access to sufficient quantities of water that requires treatment to remove pathogens, Waste water treatment and storage made a direct contribution to the Millennium Development Goal water target. Waste water treatment and storage has the potential to advance several health and development aims. There is evidence that the correct and consistent use of effective waste water treatment and storage among those relying on contaminated water supplies can prevent diarrhoeal diseases, a major killer among young children. Because enteric infection interferes with normal absorption of nutrients, waste water treatment and storage also has the potential for alleviating hunger. In conclusion Implementation experience suggests that waste water treatment and storage: ? dramatically improves microbiological water quality; ? can significantly reduce diarrhea disease if used correctly and consistently by a vulnerable population; ? is highly cost-effective; and ? can be quickly implemented and taken up by vulnerable populations. Waste water treatment and storage can contribute to the Sustainable development goals on water target while advancing other health and development goals. Providing safe, reliable, piped-in water to every household is an essential goal. However, the resources needed to construct, operate and maintain a piped community water supply system are not always available. Waste water treatment and storage can provide the health benefits of safe drinking-water while progress is being made in improving water supply infrastructure. Piped water systems and waste water treatment and storage should not be viewed in competition with one another; rather, they are complementary and both play a role in providing safe water and improving health. Resources should not be diverted from piped systems to support waste water treatment and storage programmers. Results Raw Water valuation Phase Turbidity (Nephelometric turbidity units) UV254_10cm DOC Colour (Pt/Co) Remarks Raw water Trial 2 0.274 8.779 32 Table 1 Turbidity From this initial raw water quality assessment, there is a clear detection of greater turbidity of 2.00 NTU as measured using HACH2100 Turbidimeter, this is an indication that there is a greater availability and presence of very fine clay particles. Hence, this water is not recommended for drinking until its purification takes place, since the proportion for turbidity for conducive water to be taken is supposed to be less than 0.1 Nephelometric turbidity units UV Absorbance (UV254) From this initial raw water quality assessment, there is greater indication that the raw water contains dissolve organic compounds with aromatic structures from natural organic materials, as per the record of 0.274, the water hence in recommendation is not suitable for drinking until the purification procedure takes place. Colour from the record of the initial quality assessment of raw water the water colour is found to be 32 Pt/Co, hence the water is able to absorb the light in the visible spectra range, a clear indication that the water contains dissolved minerals, dyes or humic acid from either plants or animals, water state is not recommended for drinking since recommended drinking water should contain below 3 Pt/Co Dissolved organic Carbon From the record of the initial water assessment quality the DOC recorded is 8.779, this is a clear indication that the water contains more dissolved organic carbon, hence the water is not recommended for drinking Optimum dosage of FeCl3.6H2O FeCl3.6H2O (mg/L) 5.00 10.00 25.00 50.00 Turbidity (NTU) 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00 Colour (Pt/Co)) 21.00 30.00 0.00 -4.00 DOC 7.471 6.774 3.437 2.777 UV254_10cm 0.27 0.27 0.07 0.0652 Table 2 Turbidity The addition of ferric chloride in dosage on the initial raw water is observed to be reducing the turbidity from the initial 2 NTU to 1 NTU, 1 NTU, 1 NTU, 0 NTU on the dosage of 5.00 milligram per litre, 10.00 milligram per litre, 25.00 milligram per litre, 50.00 milligram per litre respectively of ferric chloride, this is an indication that that at 50 milligrams per litre ferric chloride the water is perfectly having no cloudiness. UV Absorbance (UV254) The addition of ferric chloride in dosage on the initial raw water is observed to be reducing the UV absorbance from initial 0.274 to 0,27, 0.27, 0.07 and 0.0652 on the dosage of 5.00 milligram per litre, 10.00 milligram per litre, 25.00 milligram per litre, 50.00 milligram per litre respectively of ferric chloride, this is an indication that much part of dissolve organic compounds with aromatic structure has reacted with the ferric chloride and have be been removed. Colour The addition of ferric chloride in dosage on the initial raw water is observed to be reducing the colour from initial 32 Pt/Co to 21 Pt/Co, 0 Pt/Co and -4 Pt/Co on the dosage of 5.00 milligram per litre , 10.00 milligram per litre, 25.00 milligram per litre, 50.00 milligram per litre respectively of ferric chloride, this is an indication that much part of dissolved minerals, dyes or humic acid from either plants or animals has been removed from their reaction with ferric chloride dosage, hence the water is perfectly colourless. Dissolved organic Carbon The addition of ferric chloride in dosage on the initial raw water is observed to be reducing the dissolve organic carbon from initial 8.779 to 7.471, 6.774, 3.437 and 2.777 on the dosage of 5.00 milligram per litre, 10.00 milligram per litre, 25.00 milligram per litre, 50.00 milligram per litre respectively of ferric chloride, this is an indication that more dissolve organic carbon have been removed from their reaction with ferric chloride Graphical presentation of impact on ferric chloride on the raw water Cl features for raw H2O Date Time Total chlorine (mg-Cl2/L) Remarks MQ Raw water 5.00 mg/L FeCl3 10.00 mg/L FeCl3 25.00 mg/L FeCl3 50.00 mg/L FeCl3 0.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 5 0.84 0.93 1.09 1.44 1.41 10 0.56 0.64 0.89 1.35 1.27 20 0.23 0.62 0.73 1.20 1.18 Table 3 From the table of chlorine decay for raw water and water containing ferric chloride, it observed that decay is decreasing with time in all the cases, but the water containing the dosage of ferric chloride at different amount having greater decay respectively as compared to the raw water. This is a clear indication that the raw water had greater availability of microorganism or pathogens as compared respectively to the water with different dosage of ferric chloride, hence lesser used. THM levels in treated, raw and MQ water Date Trihalomethane Before Cl deterioration trial for 50.00 milligram per litre ferric chloride added sample After Cl deterioration trial for 50.00 milligram per litre ferric chloride added sample 0.00 3.00 Table 4 It is observed that the Trihalomethane after Chlorine decay test for 50.00 milligram per litre ferric chloride is higher as compared to before Conclusion In conclusion, for effective water treatment to be recommended for drinking must be able to contain lesser turbidity, lesser UV absorbance, colorless in color and lesser DOC, and all this can be achive by dosage of ferric chloride in the raw water and injection of chlorine at the end to kill the pathogens, during the process of water treatment